A Tullos threshing machine up for sale at a dispersal auction of the late Jessie Watson, farmer of Littleport, Cambridgeshire. Mr Watson purchased the vehicle in 1946 and paid for it to be transported to the Fens by train from Aberdeen, Scotland. Then it required three workers to operate it and another to tow it by tractor. Today, its tasks can be completed by one person.

In the Fens, a slow and relentless transformation is unfolding, one that stretches far beyond the soil itself. The agrarian farmers, once the heartbeat of the flat, fertile land, are dwindling. As they pass away their modest plots are increasingly amalgamated into the vast, faceless holdings of large agricorps.

Each death marks not only the loss of a steward of the land but the quiet unraveling of a rich cultural tapestry that has defined the region for half a millennia.

When the late Jessie Watson of Littleport, Cambridgeshire purchased a Tullos threshing machine in 1946 he transported it by train from Aberdeen to the Fens – a distance of 490 mles. Then it was a symbol of modern engineering ingenuity, requiring three workers to operate it and another to tow it by tractor. Today, its tasks are managed by a solitary operator, an illustration of how technology has streamlined labour while stripping away the human bonds it once fostered. Of course, farm work is hard work and should not be romanticised but working together is much more enjoyable than working alone as this retired labourer testifies.

The Labour government’s new plan to impose inheritance tax on farm sales is poised to accelerate this erosion, piling financial strain onto families. For generations, farmers like Watson handed down not just land but a legacy and a rhythm of life tied to the seasons.

The tax makes succession untenable, forcing heirs to sell not to neighbours who might honour those traditions, but to agricorps that see the soil as little more than a balance sheet.

As these corporate entities sweep in, the patchwork of fields that once bore the imprint of individual hands is giving way to a sterile uniformity, erasing the dialects, folklore, and a culture that thrived in the shadow of the hedgerows.

For further reading see Justin Partyka's photographs of the agrarian farmers of East Anglia.

 

 


Alburgh Barley Queen, Jen Mead and the Rev Chris Sutton, vicar of All Saints, Alburgh, take turns in blessing the crop in the hope of a good harvest. Norfolk,UK.

Belt & braces for farmers this time of year as they employ both the old gods & new technologies in the hope of a bountiful year – and you're moaning about having to get up an hour earlier!

In pagan societies, early farmers relied on rituals and offerings to deities like Demeter or Ceres to ensure fertile soil and bountiful harvests, or in this case Jen, the local Barley Queen.

These acts, sowing seeds with prayers or blessing fields during seasonal festivals reflected a deep connection to nature’s cycles and a belief in supernatural influence over agriculture. With the spread of Christianity, these pagan traditions were adapted. Field blessings became tied to Christian rites, such as Rogation Days, where clergy and farmers prayed for divine protection against pests, drought, or floods. Saints like St. Isidore, patron of farmers, replaced earlier gods, but the intent, securing good harvests, remained unchanged. These blessings persisted into the medieval era, blending faith with practical land management.

The Industrial Revolution marked a turning point, introducing mechanised ploughs, fertilisers, and irrigation, shifting reliance from prayer to science. Today, cutting-edge technology drones, precision agriculture, and genetically modified crops maximises yields with data-driven efficiency. Daylight Saving Time (DST) complements this, extending daylight hours for farmers to work fields or manage livestock, especially during Spring planting and Autumn harvests.

While its usefulness is debated by the public at large, DST still aligns with modern farming’s need for flexibility. From pagan chants to satellite-guided tractors, husbandry’s journey reflects humanity’s relentless quest to master the land.

Agostinho from Portugal waits by the Britannia Cafe for the agency minibus to take him to work. A 'limb' worker in Wisbech, he has no contract of employment and is often employed on a daily basis for cash.

A demonstration against the prorogation of Parliament and a no deal Brexit meets opposition in King's Lynn, Norfolk.

In defiance of the clear and unequivocal instruction by the British electorate to leave the European Union in the 2016 Referendum, opponents, many with undeclared interests in maintaining the federal relationship sought to overturn the democratic will of the country and reverse the decision. Despite the efforts of then Prime Minister Boris Johnson to avoid a no deal Brexit many obstacles were put in his way. As such, with the October 31st deadline for leaving looming, on September 10th 2019 he prorogued Parliament effectively cancelling the sitting of the House and further discussion on the issue. This led to demonstrations across the nation and was subsequently declared unlawful. As a result, Parliament resumed sitting on September 25, 2019. 

Britain eventually left the EU on 31st January 2020 at 11am.

The Cross of St George painted on a the door of a home at 11 Falcon Road,Wisbech, Cambridgeshire, the day before the Brexit Referendum in 2016.

Exodus 12:23 "And when He seeth the blood upon the lintel and on the two side posts, the Lord will pass over the door and will not suffer the destroyer to come in unto your houses to smite you."

Members of the Spalding Lithuanian Society celebrating their annual Day Of The Restoration Of Independence with a picnic of traditional foods and the red, green and yellow colours of the Lithuanian flag.

Lithuania's independence began on 11th March 1990 when it officially rejected the rule of the USSR which had occupied its territories since 1944. Subsequently the day has become a celebration for Lithuanians around the world.

Prospect House, Southery, Norfolk. Built in 1907 for a farm manager and their family in such a way that the land in cultivation and in particular its workers could be continually observed. The home was ultimately abandoned due to subsidence which was a fate that similar properties in the Fens suffered. In subsequent years such buildings were reinforced with concrete underpinnings to attenuate the effects of the wet land, but often to little effect.

After his resignation as prime minister in September 2022, Boris Johnson's portrait is removed from the wall and Winston Churchill resumes his place of prominence at King's Lynn Conservative Club, Norfolk.

A room (kolhata) to rent advertisement in a newsagents window. The text is in Russian cyrillic and deliberately designed to appeal to prospective East European migrants tenants of a certain age. Anyone who went to school within the USSR before its collapse 1991 learned Russian as part of the curriculum, and as part of the Soviet cultural domination of its occupied territories. Although widely loathed and abandoned after the fall of communism, the practise of having a common language proved useful for migrants when those countries joined the EU under the A8 accession rules in 2004 and they were given the right to come to live and work in the UK. That meant Czechs, Latvians, Lithuanians, Slovakians, Slovenians, Poles, Hungarians and Estonians could communicate with each other. Useful if you’re trying to make yourself heard on a factory floor or field in the Fens. Even today If you go into any of the East European shops in the town the transaction will often complete with the assistant exclaiming “spasiba”, the Russian word for thanks.

A room (kolhata) to rent advertisement in a newsagents window. The text is in Russian cyrillic and deliberately designed to appeal to prospective East European migrants tenants of a certain age. Anyone who went to school within the USSR before its collapse 1991 learned Russian as part of the curriculum and as part of the Soviet cultural domination of its occupied territories. Although widely loathed and abandoned after the fall of communism, the practise of having a common language proved useful for migrants when those countries joined the EU under the A8 accession rules in 2004 when they were given the right to come to live and work in the UK. That meant Czechs, Latvians, Lithuanians, Slovakians, Slovenians, Poles, Hungarians and Estonians could communicate with each other. Useful if you’re trying to make yourself heard on a factory floor or field. Even today If you go into any of the East European shops in the Fens the transaction will often complete with the assistant exclaiming “spasiba”, the Russian word for thanks.

Mummers recreating the legend of St George & the Dragon on St George’s Day, Downham Market, Norfolk. The dragon is played by the town's mayor, Frank Daymond, and St George by Councillor David Sharman.

Antek, Denisa and Vendula, seasonal workers from the Czech Republic picking stones and hoeing weeds in the brassica fields of South Lincolnshire. Needing the application of the eye to determine between crop and invasive plants it is one of the few agricultural tasks that has yet to be mechanised or automated.

Amy Harrison, Dowager Flower Queen of Spalding, Lincolnshire. She is instructing her presumptive heirs on the duties and responsibilities of her position as the primary representative of the town in its civic duties. The Queen's presence is pivotal to the Spalding Flower Parade which celebrates the town's heritage in bulb growing. Candidates are selected by a pageant where the contestants are judged on aspects of their personality, their community involvement, and how well they represent the town.  

Whittlesey Straw Bear, Cambridgeshire. Originally held on the first Monday in January, the event has celebrated the beginning of the agricultural year since the Middle Ages. Farm labourers, unemployed in the winter months would black up their faces to prevent identification and perform dances in the town in return for money or food. Latterly considered begging and criminalised before making a comeback in the 1980s over the weekend of Epiphanytide, the StrawBear would inevitably involve a number of street fights and the occasional good natured stabbing. In the 2000s as property prices rose, aspirational people who wanted to live in Cambridge but couldn't afford city prices came to Whittlesey and occupied the new builds. They disapproved of the application of blackface and conspired to make it forbidden. These were the same well intentioned, but naïve people who supported the smoking ban which did so damage to the culture of England, closing pubs like the Bricklayers Arms.